Unsecured loans used for capital purposes not taxable u/s 41(1); ad-hoc disallowances deleted

By | December 6, 2025

Unsecured loans used for capital purposes not taxable u/s 41(1); ad-hoc disallowances deleted

Case I: Section 41(1) – Unsecured Loans

Issue

Whether outstanding unsecured loans, which remained unpaid for over three years, can be treated as ceased trading liabilities and taxed under Section 41(1) when the funds were utilized for capital expenditure.

Facts

  • Outstanding Loans: The assessee-company had unsecured loans that were outstanding for more than three years without any repayment or interest payment.

  • AO’s Stand: The Assessing Officer (AO) assumed the loans were for working capital, treated them as trading liabilities that had ceased to exist, and added the amount to income under Section 41(1).

  • CIT(A)’s Finding: The Commissioner (Appeals) found that the loans were utilized for incurring capital expenditure, not revenue purposes.

Decision

  • Nature of Liability: Section 41(1) applies to the remission or cessation of trading liabilities (where a deduction was previously claimed).

  • Capital vs. Revenue: The Tribunal upheld the CIT(A)’s finding that the loans were utilized for capital purposes. This fact remained uncontroverted by the Revenue.

  • Inapplicability of Sec 41(1): Since the liability was on the capital account, its cessation does not result in taxable income under Section 41(1).

  • Held: The addition was deleted in favour of the assessee.


Case II: Section 37(1) – Ad-hoc Disallowance

Issue

Whether an ad-hoc disallowance of 30% of expenses is justified when the assessee has furnished bills, vouchers, and ledgers, even if the AO claims certain details like PAN/addresses were missing.

Facts

  • The Disallowance: The AO disallowed 30% of various expenses claimed in the P&L account.

  • Reasoning: The AO alleged failure to furnish details like PAN, address, identity, and source to establish genuineness.

  • Evidence: The assessee had submitted bills, vouchers, and ledger accounts.

Decision

  • Substantiation: The Tribunal held that since the assessee had furnished the primary evidence (bills, vouchers, ledgers), the basis for a sweeping ad-hoc disallowance did not exist.

  • Rejection of Ad-hoc Approach: Without specific findings on bogus vouchers, a general disallowance is unsustainable.

  • Held: The disallowance was deleted.


Case III: Section 40A(3) – Cash Payments

Issue

Whether disallowance under Section 40A(3) is valid when the appellate authority finds that payments were actually made through banking channels.

Facts

  • AO’s Action: The AO disallowed expenses alleging they exceeded the specified cash limit under Section 40A(3).

  • CIT(A)’s Finding: The CIT(A) verified that all payments were made through banking channels.

Decision

  • Fact-Based Ruling: The Tribunal noted that the Revenue could not controvert the factual finding of the CIT(A) regarding the mode of payment.

  • Held: The deletion of the disallowance was upheld.


Case IV: Section 37(1) – Audit Fees Provision

Issue

Whether a provision for audit fees payable can be disallowed for lack of evidence when it is certified in the audited balance sheet signed by the auditors.

Facts

  • The Provision: The assessee created a provision for audit fees payable for the current and earlier years.

  • AO’s Objection: The AO disallowed it stating no evidence for the provision was furnished.

Decision

  • Auditor Confirmation: The Tribunal held that the genuineness is confirmed by the very fact that the auditors signed the balance sheet containing the provision for their own fees.

  • Accrual Basis: Merely because the amount was outstanding (payable) does not warrant disallowance under the mercantile system of accounting.

  • Held: The disallowance was deleted.


Key Takeaways

Capital Liabilities Exempt: Section 41(1) is strictly for trading liabilities (revenue nature). Waiver or cessation of a capital loan does not trigger tax under this section.

Evidence over Suspicion: Ad-hoc disallowances (e.g., flat 30%) are legally weak if the assessee has produced basic documentation like bills and vouchers.

Audit Fees Accrual: A provision for audit fees is a crystallized liability once the audit is conducted/statutory obligation exists, even if the invoice is raised later or payment is pending.

IN THE ITAT AHMEDABAD BENCH
Income-tax Officer
v.
Govindam Agro Foods (P.) Ltd.
Siddhartha Nautiyal, Judicial Member
and Smt. Annapurna Gupta, Accountant Member
I.T Appeal No. 1117 (Ahd.) of 2025
[Assessment year 2018-19]
NOVEMBER  7, 2025
Smt. Mamta Singh, Sr.DR for the Appellant. Bhupendra Singh Rajput, AR for the Respondent.
ORDER
Annapurna Gupta, Accountant Member.- The present appeal has been filed by the Revenue against the order of the Ld. Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals), (hereinafter referred to as “CIT(A)”), National Faceless Appeal Centre (hereinafter referred to as “NFAC”), Delhi dated 27.03.2025 passed under Section 250 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred to as the “Act”) and relates to Assessment Year (A.Y.) 2018-19.
2. Ground No.1 raised by the Revenue reads as under:
“(a)The Ld.CIT(A) has erred in law and on facts in deleting the addition of Rs1,06,68,000/ on account of cessation of liability u/s 41(1) of the Act despite the fact the assessee has shown “Loan Taken from others ” in liability side of Balance Sheet and there was no change in the credit balances of the loans during the AY 2018-19 as compared to previous years and the assessee has failed to furnish basic documentary evidences such as confirmation from lenders, bank trail evidencing receipt of loans or loan agreements to establish the genuineness of transaction.”
3. The issue involved in the above ground relates to addition made of outstanding loans amounting to Rs.1.06 Crores u/s.41(1) of the Act. The facts relating to the issue is that during assessment proceedings the AO noted that loans amounting to Rs.1,06,68,000/- were outstanding for more than three years and had neither been repaid nor any interest paid thereon. Further noting that the loan must have been used for working capital purposes and expenses claimed on account of same, he held that the provisions of Section 41(1) of the Act were attracted which required trading liabilities incurred by the assessee which had seized to exist, to be treated as income of the assessee. Accordingly, he added the amount of outstanding unsecured loans of Rs.1.06 Crore to the income of the assessee invoking Section 41(1) of the Act.
4. The Ld. CIT(A), however, deleted the addition noting that the loans were not utilized for working capital purposes but in fact were utilized for incurring capital expenditure. He accordingly held that the provisions of Section 41(1) of the Act did not apply and, therefore, in the facts of the present case, directed the deletion of addition made. The factual findings of the Ld.CIT(A) with regard to the unsecured loans having been utilized for the purpose of incurring capital expenditure and not for working capital purposes is contained at page 5 of his order as under:
“During the course of appellate proceedings, the appellant has submitted that at the time of acceptance of these loans there were no commercial activities in the company and the amount was utilised for the purpose of capital expenditure incurred to establish the manufacturing unit. The company started commercial activities during the year only and for the purpose of working capital the company had accepted share capital too. The appellant has also stated that it may also be verified that working capital involvement is very less i.e. 20.82 lakhs (Inventories 18.04+Sundry Debtors 14. 78 less Current Liabilities 12. 00 lakhs) and which is from share capital and not from unsecured loans. The appellant has provided the copy of audited financial statements for the year 2009-10 to show that the loans were outstanding and no commercial operations existed in that year.
From the submissions of the appellant, it is clear that the Ld. AOs assumptions that the amount was taken for the purpose of working capital utilisation is not correct. The application of section 41(1) of the Act is also not correct in respect of the aforesaid submissions of the appellant. “
5. Ld. DR before us relied on the order of the AO though he was unable to controvert the factual findings of the Ld. CIT(A) that the unsecured loans were not utilized for working capital purposes. In the light of the same and noting the findings of the Ld. CIT(A) to the effect that when the impugned loans of Rs.1.06 Crores were taken by the assessee company, no commercial activity had been commenced therein, it remains an uncontroverted fact that the impugned loans were utilized for capital purposes in the company and not for revenue purposes. Having noted so and also having noted the fact that the AO’s case for making addition on account of cessation of the impugned liability rested on the fact that these loans were utilized for working capital purposes, we see no reason to disagree with the Ld. CIT(A) that the provisions of Section 41(1) of the Act did not apply in the present case when the basic fact on the basis of which the AO proceeded to apply Section 41(1) of the Act itself stood reversed i.e. the utilization of the loans for revenue purposes as noted by the AO which on the contrary was found to have been utilized for the capital purposes by the Ld. CIT(A) and which fact has remained undisturbed before us. In the light of the same, we find that there is no case made out by the Revenue before us against the deletion of addition made u/s. 41(1) of the Act amounting to Rs.1.06 Crore.
6. Ground of appeal No.1 is, therefore, dismissed.
7. The Ground No.2 of appeal raised by the Revenue as under:
“(b) The Ld.CIT(A) has erred in law and on facts in deleting the addition of Rs 7,66,531/ on account of disallowance u/s 37 for business expenses despite the fact that the assessee has failed to furnish corroborative evidences like vouchers, bills, payments proofs or third party confirmation to establish that the expenditure was incurred wholly and exclusively for business purpose. “
8. The issue involved in the above ground relates to disallowance of expenses made by the AO u/s.37(1) of the Act. The facts related to the issue is that during assessment proceedings the AO noted the assessee to have debited various expenses to his P&L account amounting to Rs.25,55,104/- for which no details like PAN, address, identity and source of payments and purpose had been submitted to establish the genuineness of the payments. The AO, accordingly, disallowed 30% of the total amount of these expenses, resulting in addition of Rs.7,66,531/- being made to the income of the assessee.
9. The Ld. CIT(A), however, noted that the assessee had submitted various bills and vouchers alongwith copy of ledger account of the expenses to the AO who had completely ignored the same and noting so he found no basis with the AO to have made on ad hoc disallowance of expenses and, accordingly, directed deletion of the same.
10. Before us, the finding of fact recorded by the Ld. CIT(A) that the assessee had submitted all bills and vouchers alongwith the ledger account of the expenses has remained uncontroverted by the Ld.DR. In the light of the same, we agree with the Ld. CIT(A) that the very basis with the AO for making an ad hoc disallowance of these expenses i.e. non-submission of details and evidences relating to these expenses, does not remain. Ld. CIT(A), therefore, we hold, has rightly directed the deletion of the ad hoc disallowance made by the AO.
11. Ground of appeal No.2, accordingly, is dismissed.
12. The Ground No.3 of appeal raised by the Revenue as under:
“(c) The Ld. CIT(A) has erred in law and on facts in deleting the addition of Rs 1,08,80,385/- u/s 40A(3) of the Act in respect of cash payment despite the fact that the assessee has not furnished complete evidences to establish that no payments above Rs. 10,000/- made in cash.”
13. The issue involved in the above ground relates to the disallowance of expenses amounting to Rs.1,08,93,739/- made by the AO by invoking Section 40A(3) of the Act noting that the expenses had been incurred in cash in excess of the limit specified for the same under the said Section. The Ld. CIT(A), however, noted that as a matter of fact that all the expenditures had been incurred through banking channels. His findings in this regard are contained at page 6 of the order as under:
“During the course of appellate proceedings, the appellant has again filed the final salary sheet and explained the mode of payment of expenditure on the salary expenses. The appellant has provided the details of expenditure incurred through banking channel alongwith copy of relevant bank statements. It can be seen that all the expenses excess of Rs. 10,000/-have been made through banking channel by the appellant. “
14. Before us, the finding of the Ld. CIT(A) of the impugned expense having been incurred by way of banking channels has remained uncontroverted by the Ld. DR. In view of the same, we find that the very basis with the AO for disallowing the impugned expenses on account of the same having been incurred in cash in excess of the limit specified u/s.40A(3) of the Act does not survive. We, therefore, see no reason to disagree with the Ld. CIT(A) that the AO had wrongly invoked the provisions of Section 40A(3) of the Act in the facts of the present case. The order of the Ld. CIT(A), therefore, directing the deletion of addition made u/s.40A(3) of the Act amounting to Rs.1,08,93,739/- is upheld.
15. Ground of Appeal No.3 is dismissed.
16. The Ground No.4 of appeal raised by the Revenue as under:
“(d) The Ld. CIT(A) has erred in law and on facts in deleting the addition of Rs 1,59, 728/- u/s 28 of the Act on account of Audit Fees Payable and Statutory due payable despite the fact that the assessee has furnished contradictory replies during assessment proceedings and has not submitted any payment evidence. “
17. The issue involved in the above ground relates to addition made of Rs.1,59,728/- u/s.28 of the Act on account of provision made for audit fees. The addition being made on account of no evidence being submitted by the assessee for the provisions so made. Before the Ld. CIT(A), the assessee submitted that the provisions for audit fees had been made as per accounting standard and that it was not a statutory provision which was required as per law to be paid before the date specified in law for claiming deduction under the Income Tax Act. The Ld. CIT(A) agreed with the contention of the assessee and directed the deletion of the disallowance made.
18. We have noted that before the AO the assessee had submitted that the provision of audit fees payable of Rs.1,20,000/- was not only in relation to the impugned year but also included provisions made in earlier years and were certified by the Auditors themselves who had signed the balance sheet. Considering the above contention of the Ld. Counsel for the assessee, we are in complete agreement with the Ld. CIT(A) that there was no occasion at all for disallowing provision for audit fees amounting to Rs.1,20,000/-. The genuineness of the expenditure was confirmed by the Auditors themselves who had signed the balance sheet and merely because it was outstanding for payment did not warrant any disallowance of the same. In view of the above, the order of the Ld. CIT(A) deleting the disallowance of audit fees payable amounting to Rs.1,20,000/- is upheld.
19. Ground of Appeal No.4 is dismissed.
20. In the result, appeal filed by the Revenue is dismissed.