Reassessment Under Section 147 Based on Search Material Is Void as Section 153C Provisions Apply Exclusively
Issue
Facts
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Search Action: A search and seizure operation under Section 132 was conducted on a third party.
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Seizure of Material: During the search, certain documents were discovered indicating financial transactions carried out between the third party and the assessee during Assessment Years 2013-14 to 2017-18.
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Transmission of Documents: The AO of the searched person forwarded the relevant seized documents and information to the AO of the assessee.
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Reassessment Initiated: Noting hefty transactions in the seized documents that did not match the income declared in the assessee’s tax returns, the AO reopened the assessments under Section 147 by issuing notices under Section 148.
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Assessee’s Challenge: The assessee challenged the validity of the reassessment proceedings, contending that search-backed assessments concerning third parties can only be framed under the specific scheme of Section 153C.
Decision
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Exclusive Applicability of Section 153C: When material is seized during a Section 132 search on a third party and handed over to the assessee’s AO, the proper legal course is to proceed strictly under Section 153C.
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Lack of Jurisdiction Under Section 147: Reopening assessments under Section 147 based on seized search material bypasses the mandatory statutory procedure of Section 153C.
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Orders Quashed: Consequently, the assessment orders passed under Section 147 were held to be without jurisdiction and were quashed in favor of the assessee.
Key Takeaways
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Section 153C Overrides General Reassessment: Where incriminating documents/assets belonging or pertaining to a third party are unraveled during a Section 132 search, the tax authorities must invoke Section 153C; they cannot circumvent this requirement by resorting to general reassessment under Section 147/148.
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Jurisdictional Fatality: Framing an assessment under Section 147 using search-derived material creates an incurable jurisdictional defect, rendering the resulting assessment order null and void.
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Procedural Safeguards in Search Cases: The specific procedure, satisfaction recording, and timeframes mandated under Section 153C are mandatory statutory prerequisites that cannot be substituted with standard reassessment notices.
“8. In the following situations, a declaration shall be void and shall be deemed never to have been made :
| (a) | If the declarant fails to pay the entire amount of tax, surcharge and penalty within the specified date, i. e., November 30, 2016; |
| (b) | Where the declaration has been made by misrepresentation or suppression of facts or information. |
Where the declaration is held to be void for any of the above reasons, it shall be deemed never to have been made and all the provisions of the Income-tax Act, including penalties and prosecutions, shall apply accordingly.
Any tax, surcharge or penalty paid in pursuance of the declaration shall, however, not be refundable under any circumstances.”
“67. (1). …………………..
(2) If the declarant fails to pay the tax in respect of the voluntarily disclosed income before the expiry of three months from the date of filing of the declaration, the declaration filed by him shall be deemed never to have been made under this Scheme………………….
70. Any amount of tax paid in pursuance of a declaration made under sub-section (1) of section 64 shall not be refundable under any circumstances.”
“We are concerned with sections 66 and 67 and the language used therein, since the answer to the question framed at the outset would depend on the interpretation of the provisions of these sections. These sections provide :
’66. The tax payable under this scheme in respect of the voluntarily disclosed income shall be paid by the declarant and the declaration shall be accompanied by proof of payment of such tax.
67. Interest payable by declarant. —(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 66, the declarant may file a declaration without paying the tax under that section and the declarant may file the declaration and the declarant may pay the tax within the three months from the date of filing of the declaration with simple interest at the rate of two per cent. for every month or part of a month comprised in the period beginning from the date of filing the declaration and ending on the date of payment of such tax and file the proof of such payment within the said period of three months.
(2) If the declarant fails to pay the tax in respect of the voluntarily disclosed income before the expiry of three months from the date of filing of the declaration, the declaration filed by him shall be deemed never to have been made under this scheme.’
In the several appeals which have been filed before us, some of the appellants are the assessees. In each of their cases it is not in dispute that they had not paid the tax within the time prescribed either under section 66 or within the extended time under section 67(1). The period of default is varied and the explanations given in each of the assessees’ cases are also different. All of them, however, have contended that the reason for non-payment was beyond their control. The assessees have relied upon those decisions referred to earlier which held that the period mentioned in section 67(1) was extendable. According to the assessees, the purpose of the scheme was to unearth black money which was in circulation. The time fixed under section 67(1) is not rigid according to the assessees, not only because there was express provision for making payment of interest in case of delayed payment but also because the Revenue would be benefited by disclosure of undisclosed income, quick recovery of the same with payment of interest by March 31, 1998 (since the scheme was operative till that date), thus fulfilling the object of the Scheme. It is further submitted that because the Scheme was operative until March 31, 1998, therefore, it was open to a person to file a declaration on the last date, namely, December 31, 1997, and make payment by March 31, 1998, under section 67(1). It would be discriminatory and entirely arbitrary if the persons who had submitted their declarations voluntarily earlier were penalised for doing so by insisting on payment on an earlier date. The next submission of the assessees is that even if the provisions of section 67(1) were mandatory, nevertheless, the court could under certain circumstances dilute the severity of its operation, provided the assessees were acting bona fide. Reference has been made to the decision of this court in Hindustan Steel Ltd. v. State of Orissa [1972] 83 ITR 26 (SC) in this context. The assessees have also argued that the first decision in the field was the decision of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Smt. Laxmi Mittal v. CIT [1999] 238 ITR 97 (P & H), where the High Court had held that the period fixed under section 67(1) was not immutable and that for sufficient reason the time could be extended. The Department had not chosen to challenge that decision and had accepted that interpretation. It is contended on the basis of the decisions of this court in Union of India v. Kaumudini Narayan Dalal [2001] 249 ITR 219 (SC) and Union of India v. Satish Panalal Shah [2001] 249 ITR 221 (SC) that the Revenue cannot pick and choose cases in which they would challenge a similar decision unless there was just cause. According to the assessees, there was no cause shown justifying the Department’s decision to challenge the principle enumerated in Smt. Laxmi Mittal’s case [1999] 238 ITR 97 (P & H), only in the case of a few assessees. It was submitted that in any case this court should not interfere under article 136 in those matters decided in favour of the assessees by the High Court. The final submission of the assessees is that the Revenue authorities could not be permitted to retain the payments made by the assessees under the scheme and contend at the same time that the assessees were not entitled to the benefit of the scheme. The Revenue could either accept the payment as having been made under the Scheme, and if not, refund the same to the assessees.
In some of the appeals, the appellants are the Revenue authorities. They have contended that the scheme did not form part of the Income-tax Act, 1961, but formed a self-contained code in which there was no provision whatsoever for extension of time in the event the period under section 67(1) lapsed. According to learned counsel appearing on behalf of the Revenue, the provisions of the scheme make it clear that the scheme envisaged the payment to be made first whereafter the declaration was to be filed with proof of such payment. It is only with a view to dilute the rigidity of this requirement that section 67 allowed the assessee to make payment subsequent to the making of the declaration but subject to making payment of interest at the rate of two per cent. per month up to a period of three months and not further. Apart from the reasoning adopted by the various High Courts in the decisions in favour of the Revenue, it has been contended that the language used in section 67(2) makes it amply clear that the period specified was mandatory. Even if there were any doubt, according to settled principles of interpretation no extension could be granted beyond the period of three months as specified under section 67(1). It has further been submitted that since there were conflicting decisions of the different High Courts there was sufficient cause for the Department to agitate the issue before this court. Finally, it is submitted that as far as the payments made by the assessees were concerned if any payment had been made but not in terms of the Scheme, clearly the Department could not retain such payment and would either have to refund it or set it off in accordance with the prescribed procedures available under the Income-tax Act, 1961
We are of the view that the submissions of the Revenue must be accepted. A plain reading of the provisions of the Scheme would show that the tax payable under the Scheme ‘shall be paid’ within the time specified is the general rule provided in section 66, namely, payment prior to the making of a declaration. The exception to this general rule has been carved out by section 67(1) which allows a declarant to file a declaration without paying the tax. This exception, however, is subject to two conditions, viz., (1) the payment of tax within three months from the date of the filing of the declaration together with, (2) the payment of simple interest at the rate of two per cent. for every month or part of a month. The period of interest is to commence from the date of filing the declaration and shall end with the date of payment of tax. It may be noted that under section 67(1) not only must these two conditions be fulfilled within the period of three months but proof of such payment must also be filed within the same period.
The use of the word ‘shall’ in a statute, ordinarily speaking, means that the statutory provision is mandatory. It is construed as such unless there is something in the context in which the word is used which would justify a departure from this meaning. There is nothing in the language of the provisions of the scheme which would justify such a departure. On the other hand, the provisions of section 67(2) make it abundantly clear that if the declarant fails to pay the tax within the period of three months as specified, the declaration filed shall be deemed never to have been made under the scheme. In other words, the consequences of non-compliance with the provisions of section 67(1) relating to the payment have been provided. It is well-settled that when consequences of the failure to comply with the prescribed requirement is provided by the statute itself, there can be no manner of doubt that such statutory requirement must be interpreted as mandatory (see Maqbul Ahmad v. Onkar Pratap Narain Singh, AIR 1935 PC 85, 88).
As a consequence, in our view, the appeals preferred by the assessees must be and are hereby dismissed whereas the appeals preferred by the Revenue authorities must be and are hereby allowed. However, having held that the assessees are not entitled to the benefit of the Scheme since the payments made by them were not in terms of the Scheme, we direct the Revenue authorities to refund or adjust the amounts already deposited by the assessees in purported compliance with the provisions of the Scheme to the concerned assessees in accordance with law. All the appeals are accordingly disposed of without any order as to costs.”
“Thus, from a reading of the aforesaid provisions and the scope and ambit of the scheme as contemplated, it is quite apparent that if one has to avail of the benefit under the scheme, he has to mandatorily comply with the requirements. It contemplates the payment of tax along with the declaration itself, but at the same time, making a provision for payment of tax at a later stage not beyond three months from the date of filing the declaration with interest. Further, sub-section (2) of section 67 stresses upon the mandatory requirement of payment of tax within the outer limit of time and in the event of any such non-payment of tax, the declaration shall be deemed never to have been made under the scheme, i.e., it will be non est. Section 70 of the scheme contemplates that no amount of tax paid in pursuance of a declaration shall be refundable under any circumstances. Necessarily, it would only mean that the expression ‘declaration’ used in section 70 should be a declaration as contemplated by section 66 read with section 67(1) of the scheme. When the very scheme contemplates that a declaration without payment of tax is void and non est and the declaration filed by the assessee was not acted upon, the question of retention of the tax paid under such declaration will not arise. The Revenue cannot retain any amounts paid under a declaration falling within the mischief of section 67(2). There is no provision under the scheme whereby the Revenue can retain the tax so paid in respect of a declaration which is void and non est. In the absence of any such authority of law, the retention of tax contrary to the very scheme is in the teeth of article 265 of the Constitution of India. Therefore, the provision under section 70 of the scheme cannot have any application to a situation where the tax is paid beyond the prescribed period and, accordingly, the retention of the said tax by the Department is illegal and the petitioner is entitled to refund of the same (emphasis supplied).
This court in Shankarlal v. ITO [1998] 230 ITR 536 (AP), while considering the scope and effect of the scheme, has, on a consideration of section 70 and the limitations on the tax refund contemplated thereunder, held that if this is understood as forfeiting the tax paid in cases where the declarations are ineligible under section 64(2), such a forfeiture would be confiscatory and unconstitutional, unless it is properly qualified. It was further held (page 555) :
‘It appears to us that the intention of this section was only to state that there will be no cash refund of the tax paid in pursuance of the declaration made under sub-section (1). It will not, however, stand in the way of adjustment of the amount if the declaration itself is not acceptable as not falling under section 64(1)’. (emphasis1 supplied).
Therefore, in view of the above reasons, it cannot be said that the Revenue can retain the tax paid and the petitioner is not entitled for the refund.”
| (A) | As far as the challenge of the Petitioner to the characterization of income is concerned, we find no merit in the same and hence the order of the Commissioner on this aspect is upheld. |
| (B) | As far as the issue of credit for tax paid under the IDS, 2016 is concerned, the Assessing Officer shall verify the tax paid under the IDS, 2016 and thereafter give credit for the same whilst computing the tax payable by the Petitioner for A.Y. 2017-18. |
| (C) | Similarly, any advance tax, TDS or self-assessment tax paid by the Petitioner shall be verified by the Assessing Officer and thereafter credit of the same shall be given, if any, whilst computing the tax for A.Y. 2017-18. |

